The punctuation/symbol distinction was introduced by Unicode and retrofitted into older character sets. Unicode doesn't officially explain the difference, but punctuation marks are part of a given script (though the Latin ones have spread very widely now), whereas symbols are basically script-independent. There is some inherent vagueness: / is considered punctuation despite its specialized use in programming as a math symbol. I agree that the distinction is not functional in ASCII.
However, in order to avoid confusion, I suggest you change the SRFI terminology to "other" rather than "punctuation", and define it negatively as "characters that are neither controls, letters, digits, nor space". This would change the name of ascii-punctuation? to ascii-other?.